Showing posts with label indians. Show all posts
Showing posts with label indians. Show all posts

Tough For Tough Winters

Ever year about this time, I have the same thoughts. How did early people survive the winter? Putting up food and laying in fire wood was a must. If someone fell short in either of these areas it was sure death.
Living in Wyoming, where we have four seasons, winter always comes. Some winters are better than others but they always come, and no matter how mild, in the old days, there was always a starving time.
I was able to take several nice walks in December and as I walked I tried to observe what wildlife was still about. Then I looked for anything else, anything edible, and there isn't much.
Native People, Mountain men, early settlers, those were some tough people. A breed we will not see again.
In a society where a new video game is a great new adventure and a new pizza crust excites a segment of the citizens, we have lost touch with what it takes to be tough and along with it, maybe great.

Cold - both physically and metaphorically 

These old time people survived and thrived in hostel winters and against dangers and hardships that today we may not be able to imagine. Only wish I could be so tough.
A Few Ducks Find Open Water

Custer, Smoke Signals and Hollywood


At the time of the massacre of Custer and the 7th Frank Grouard read smoke signals in the sky and reported a battle was going on and the Indians were winning.

General Crook had sent Lt. F. W. Sibley and twenty-five men to locate the Indians. Frank Grouard and Big Bat Puerrier led the troopers. Sibley, recently out of West Point, was told by Crook  to do whatever Grouard said, but Sibley still would not believe a group of Indians could win a battle against the army.

So did Smoke Signals really convey messages or was it something Hollywood made up?

Maybe more Hollywood than fact. But if you can see much smoke from an Indian campfire it would indicate they were not worried about anyone seeing it-therefore all is well. I have books in my personal library that explain how to build a smoke signal box to send real, American Indian smoke signals. I think this may be more modern day Boy Scouts than Indians. Smoke may have been used as a predetermined signal, such as, If you see smoke keep away or come on in, but I doubt any tribes had any real Morse code of smoke signals.

This means when Grouard saw the big smoke he knew the Indians were celebrating, a guess, maybe, but an educated and correct one by a truly great scout.

 

The Last Battle of the Sioux

So when did the mighty Sioux nation fight its last battle and where did they fight it? How about east central Wyoming in 1903? Like many historical events this one has been reported and changed over the years, but this is what we know, with allowances for a few of my own interpretations of history.

Eagle Feather (early accounts called him Chief Charley Smith, a name purportedly given to him on the reservation by the U.S. Government and one he had to use to collect commodities) led a group of Sioux from the Pine Ridge into Wyoming, now a state for all of 13 years, on a hunting expedition, a hunt that had been given permission by Indian agent John R. Brennan. The small band headed for the area of Thunder and Lightning creeks in what is now Niobrara County Wyoming. The hunter’s accompanied by wives and children shot a few deer, sage grouse and antelope as they traveled across the plains, enjoying a taste of their old life style.

Weston county Sheriff William (Billy) Miller rounded up a posse of local stockmen and headed out to stop the Wyoming hunt. The stockmen may have been duped into believing the tribe was shooting cows instead of game and willingly traveled along to stop this new, “Indian uprising”. When the posse caught up the number of Indians in the party stopped them in their tracks. Miller believed there were too many Indians to arrest for various violations of game laws, trespassing and killing ranch stock and took his crew back to town. The next day the sheriff and his, now larger, posse caught up with the Indians at Lighting Creek and the,” Battle of Lightning Creek,” or “The Last Indian Battle,” took place.

Sherriff Miller and his deputy Louis Falkenberg were killed along with Chief Eagle Feather and several of his hunting companions. A few days later a hearing was held in nearby Douglas and the Sioux were released for lack of evidence that they had committed a crime other than defending themselves.

Wyoming Governor Fenimore Chatterton was enraged at the courts decision and tried to get the Indians in court for murder despite the findings of the Douglass court, but his power did not stretch that far.

Today if you Google, the last Sioux battle, you will first find, Little Big Horn (1876) then Wounded Knee (1890), both of great importance to the west but not the last, that would be Lightning Creek in 1903.


NOTE --A month after the Lightning Creek battle Governor Chatterton allowed popular range detective/shootest Tom Horn to be hanged in Cheyenne, a decision that most likely cost him reelection the next year.

Peno and the Bear

Some stories are just too good to let die. The following story came from the trapper/mountain man period of Wyoming history (1820-1840s). Tall tales made for great sitting around the fire conversations and fun. One of my favorites and one of many nearly lost tails is the story of, “Peno and the Bear”. Like so many other stories old timers would, “swear” this one is true. Whether it is true or only a tail to pass a long winter night I hope it will not go away. Following is my version of the story.

-PENO AND THE BEAR-

A Canadian trapper named Peno, short on powder and ball, shot a bull buffalo with a light load, wounding but not killing or dropping the animal. The stunned buffalo charged Peno goring his horse to death and breaking the trapper’s leg. In the process Peno lost his rifle, food and possible, but not his senses. He was able to crawl into heavy brush and lucky for him the buffalo lost interest in the mess he created and left.

Peno crawled for hours, intent on reaching a large Indian village he had passed a few days back. Hungry and in shock he finally reached the creek that today bears his name. Along the way he ate as many choke cherries as he could reach and upon reaching the stream drank his fill before blacking out.

When Peno awoke a huge silver tip Grizzly stood over him. Peno did the only thing he could think of—he played dead. After what seemed like an eternity the old trapper opened one eye only to see the bear still waiting. Then a strange thing happened, the bear held out a front paw as if wanting to shake hands. Figuring, why not, Peno took the bear’s paw in his hand and immediately saw a huge festering spot on the soft pad of the bears paw. By this time Peno believed he had nothing to lose, he took out his Green River Knife. Very carefully he removed a long tangled sliver from the bears paw. Once the surgery was complete the bear laid down a few feet from Peno and fell asleep.

Peno knew it was time to exit and he moved away, even trying to walk with the aid of a piece of a cottonwood limb he used as a staff. Over the next few days every time Peno stopped to rest or sleep the bear was near, sometimes within a few feet. Peno took to talking to the bear and danged if it didn’t seem like the bear understood.

After a few days Peno reached the village looking down on it from a sage brush hill less than a half mile away. Now that the trapper was safe the bear held up his fast healing paw to say goodbye, turned and disappeared.

Although this is purportedly a trapper tale it very much sounds like a teaching story, maybe for young Indian children. It may have taught the age old idea of everything, including animals and people, having a good side no matter how ferocious or bad they may seem.

Powwow

Spent some time at the, Keepers of the Fire Powwow, over the weekend, I have always enjoyed the dancing, drums and costumes from these events. Shoshone, Arapaho and Sioux dancers put it all together but there were representatives from other tribes there also. Several venders selling southwestern jewelry and native trinkets and some tasty fry bread and tacos made the day both fun and filling. Although this powwow was inside and at the university if you try hard enough it’s possible to take yourself back to another time, maybe one where everyone was not in such a hurry and took the time to see life and live life.
My favorite part of the day—I bought a nice bracelet for my classroom, Indian crafts display, and the evening opening ceremonies that featured the bringing in of the flag, the victory chant and eighty or so dancers on the floor at one time. All in all, something everyone should do sometime.

Should Have Passed Over

Runs-With-Fire sat sunning himself high above the North Fork of the Shoshone River and wondered why he was here. Not here in this place but here in 2008. Runs-With-Fires should have been gone from this place many years ago. He should have died or he did die, but he had not passed over, passed over to the other side. So here he sat, early in the morning, on the same flat rock he had sat on every morning for the past one-hundred and thirty-two years. All those years since he came back to this place from the Little Big Horn and his peoples great victory over the blue coats at the river the Indians called the Greasy Grass.
He was one hundred and eighty-six winters and did not understand why he was still here. He was not really alive, or at least that is what he thought. He was sure that he must have died many years ago, on this hillside, but yet he wasn’t sure. Runs-With-Fire believed he was dead and still waiting to pass over, over to the next life in the spirit world. He had spent his time as a warrior knowing that when he died he would wake up in the spirit world, a world of friends and family. But every day he woke up in this same place, on this same hillside, alone.
Today the sun was bright and the breeze was cool but it was not a good day for Runs-With-Fire, to him there were no good days. His ancient features reflected a hard life but he no longer worried about how he looked, whether he had food and water or if he was alive or dead. He could not remember the last time he built a fire, it had been so many years but he never bothered because he no longer ate and was never really cold. Today he would talk, as he did most days, with Grandfather, the Great Spirit in the sky and ask to pass over, over into the after life of the spirits. He spent much of his time, each day, thinking about the after life and a chance to see his old friends again. Many of them had been gone for a hundred and fifty years but he still remembered. He remembered because he was all alone, and the memories were all he had. Since the days when the people were moved to the reservation he had been alone. He grieved that there were no longer people to tell his stories; he grieved that he no longer needed to hunt, he grieved that he no longer was a warrior and most of all he grieved because he could not join his people in the land of the spirits. He was all alone and he grieved.
Runs-With-Fire was a proud Shoshoni, a Shoshoni of a great warrior’s tribe, Chief Washakie. But after the second treaty of Fort Bridger, so many winters ago, in 1868, he left. He left because his Shoshoni went quietly to the Reservation. He left to ride with the Sioux, and those years were the ones he remembered now. It seemed like it was only a few moons ago when he was with Sitting Bull and the young war chief the Sioux called Crazy Horse.
Runs-With-Fire was considered an old man when they fought Custer, older even than Sitting Bull but he had fought, fought proudly against the white solders who would take their land. Today with the sun warming his face he remembered it well. Custer was not a smart leader, brave but one who risked too much for too little. He could have turned back or waited but instead he led his men to their death and his too.
Today the ancient man bent at the waist reaching out to rub his hands across his ankle, the ankle where he took the soldiers bullet, just minutes before all the whites died. The Great Spirit had not meant for him to die that day. Crazy Horse had called out as the fight started, “Today is a good day to die,” but it was not the day for Runs-With-Fire, and now he waited, waited for, “a good day to die.”,
It had been such a long story, such a long story how he got to this place on the North Fork of the Shoshone River so many years ago. After the battle with Custer the Indians had broken into many smaller bands, trying to avoid capture, and went west or south. He had gone south and then broke off from the group of twenty or so warriors with four others, all Shoshoni. The five of them had lived on this hillside through two new moons. Then the others left, gave up hiding to go back to the reservation, home they called it. But it was not his home and he would never go back, no, he would wait, soon others would join him here on the river away from government interference. But they never came and he was alone. Never once had he thought about joining his family and friends on the reservation, never once, and he lived here alone for all these years. All these years waiting, first for others to join him and then to die. When he died he did not know, it may have been only years ago or it might have been generations ago, he was not sure. He only knew that dieing was never complete until his spirit had passed through to the land as it used to be. A spirit world land full of people he knew and buffalo, many buffalo.
Today sitting in the sun he understood what he must do to pass over. For the first time he understood and for the first time he knew that today he would enter the spirit world. He would go to the top of the high bank overlooking the river, the same place he went each day and there he would pray. But today his prayer would not be the same as it had been for so many years. Today he would pass over, over to the other side, after all these years he would finally go.
It was a tough climb from the river up the steep cliff to the top of the hill where he could look down on the river. He made it but it took most of the day. Once on top, he rested and then prepared for prayer. First he sprinkled the sweet grass, the grass he collected each fall, the grass he had collected each year for more than a century. He gave thanks to the four great directions and then to the mother earth and the spirit sky. Then, as he did every day in prayer, he would ask to be brought into the spirit world. The world of everyone he had ever known. And each day he would be disappointed, only to return the next day to pray and try again to pass over.
Today, with the sun starting to lower itself in the west he would go to join his people in the spirit world. He’d found the glass when the hunters left. The glass he would use to make fire, the fire he needed to leave this valley. Runs-With-Fire had watched the hunters every fall and every fall they left things behind. Most he had no use for or did not understand what there purpose was. But this glass, a glass that made everything bigger when he looked through it, he had seen before. The white traders had given them away and many in his tribe used them to make fire and today he would make fire. The fire he needed to pass over. Every year the hunters made more noise with their small wagons on the soft wheels, he had no idea if they ever found the animals they hunted. Maybe the whites did not need to hunt or gather in the summer anymore. He did not know, but he knew how to use their glass.
With the prayers completed he used the glass to start a small fire, the first in many years the first since he had died. He tossed sage leaves on top of the small flaming pine needles and twigs. The smoke from the leaves turned a deep green and then purple as the fingers of smoke rose higher and higher into the sky. Runs-With-Fire let a smile, the first in many years; purse his lips as he held his hands over the flames, warming them as he had done so many times when he was living. He stepped back and removed his clothes, for he would leave this world as he came in, he stepped into the smoke, raised his ancient arms and disappeared.